O.  E.  b.  Libkakv.  Cop.  2. 

THE 

Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

NEW   HA  YEN,  CONN. 

BULLETIN    No.    96. 

JANUARY,    1889. 


This  Bulletin  describes  an  attempt  to  establish  a  method  of 
valuation  for  mill-products  which  are  used  as  feed  for  dairy 
stock. 

It  also  contains  analyses  just  made,  of  a  considerable  number 
of  feeds  which  are  now  being  sold  in  Connecticut.  Some  of 
these  feeds  are  of  excellent  quality  and  others  are  very  poor  or 
worthless,  or  are  sold  at  exorbitant  prices. 

A  condensed  statement  is  also  given  of  the  proximate  composi- 
tion of  all  the  feeds  in  common  use,  and  of  the  digestible  matters 
contained  in  a  ton  of  each,  together  with  the  quantities  of  nitro- 
gen, phosphoric  acid  and  potash  per  ton. 

ON  THE  VALUATION   OF   FEEDING    STUFFS. 

It  is  not  possible  to  accurately  express  in  figures  the  actual 
feeding  value  or  nutritive  effect  of  a  feeding  stuff  any  more  than  it 
is  possible  to  give  a  figure  which  shall  represent  the  agricultural 
value  of  a  commercial  fertilizer.  The  reasons  are  alike  in  both 
cases  and  are  evident  without  explanation.  But  some  way  of 
comparing  feeds  by  which  both  their  chemical  composition  and 
cost  prices  shall  be  taken  account  of  is  very  desirable.  A  large 
number  of  mill-products  are  now  offered  for  sale  in  this  State  to 
feeders  of  dairy  stock.  Most  of  them,  like  wheat  feed,  rye  feed, 
oat  feed  and  buckwheat  middlings  are  residues  left  from  the 
preparation    of  flour   or   meal    for    table    use.       Some   are   evi- 


dently  worth  a  good  deal  more  than  is  charged  for  them  ;  while 
others  are  of  quite  inferior  value.  Neither  buyers  nor  sellers 
know  their  composition  nor  whether  the  prices  charged  are  high 
or  low  as  compared  with  other  feeds,  when  their  composition  is 
taken  into  account. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  by  this  Station  to  find  out  and  an- 
alyze all  the  feeds  now  in  the  Connecticut  market  whose  average 
composition  is  not  already  known,  and  also  to  offer  some  method 
of  comparison  or  "  valuation  "  for  them. 

The  method  here  to  be  described  is  not  a  new  one.  It  has 
been  used  abroad,  where  feeds  like  fertilizers  are  sold  under 
guarantee  as  to  composition  and  the  seller  is  obliged  to  make 
good  any  deficiency.  The  application  of  the  method  to  Ameri- 
can feeds  and  prices  we  believe  has  not  been  attempted  before, 
probably  because  sufficient  data  have  not  been  at  hand. 
An  outline  of  the  method  is  as  follows  : 

The  average  market  prices  of  the  feeds  which  form  the  basis  of 
calculation  can  be  obtained  from  the  market  reports  just  as  the 
market  prices  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid  and  potash  are  obtained 
from  the  weekly  quotations  of  fertilizer  chemicals.  The  chemical 
composition  of  the  feeds  can  be  determined  by  analysis  as  the 
composition  of  fertilizer  chemicals  is  determined. 

The  next  step  is  to  calculate  from  the  chemical  composition  of 
all  the  feeds  and  their  retail  prices,  the  most  probable  or  average 
retail  price  of  a  pound  of  albuminoids  or  fat  or  carbhydrates 
(fiber  and  nitrogen-free  extract  together).  This  problem  is  by  no 
means  so  simple  as  that  of  determining  the  cost  of  nitrogen,  phos- 
phoric acid  or  potash.  Each  of  the  last-named  can  be  bought  by 
itself ;  potash  for  instance  in  muriate  of  potash  and  nitrogen  in 
dried  blood,  and  from  the  price  of  the  muriate  or  the  blood  the 
cost  per  pound  of  potash  or  nitrogen  can  be  directly  deduced. 
But  there  are  no  feeds  which  contain  only  one  or  even  only  two 
food-ingredients.  All  of  them  contain  at  least  three.  Under 
these  circumstances  to  calculate  the  cost  of  each  food-ingredient 
can  only  be  done  algebraically  by  an  application  of  the  "method 
of  least  squares  "  so-called.  The  tedious  details  of  the  calculation 
would  be  out  of  place  here.  The  data  necessary  for  solving  this 
problem  are  as  follows  : 

By  correspondence  with  dealers  throughout  the  State  as  well 
as  with  purchasers,  the  average  retail  prices  of  fine  feed  (as  dis- 
tinguished from  coarse  feed,  hay,  stalks,  straw,  etc.)  have  been 


obtained  as  accurately  as  possible.  The  average  composition  of 
these  feeds  is  known  from  the  tables  of  analyses  which  ;ire  annu- 
ally revised  and  published  by  this  Station.  A  considerable  num- 
ber of  analyses  have  also  been  made  within  the  last  month  of 
feeds  new  to  our  market,  so  that  we  have  a  tolerably  complete 
statement  of  their  composition. 

The  feeds  used  in  calculating  the  average  cost  of  albuminoids, 
fat  and  carbhydrates  are  as  follows  : 

The  selling  prices  per  ton  are  believed  to  represent  the 
average  for  December.  The  explanation  of  the  column  headed 
"  Valuation  "  is  given  further  on. 

Fine  Feeds,  Cost  and  Valuation. 

Selling 
Price  per  ton.  "  Valuation." 

Cotton  seed  meal $27.75  $30.37 

Linseed  meal,  old  process 32.25  25.92 

Wheat  bran 20.50  20.22 

Wheat  middlings 22.00  21.20 

Rye  bran  . . 21.00  19.89 

Corn  meal  21.50  19.59 

Gluten  meal ..  23.00  25.38 

Hominy  chops 21.00  23.31 

Malt  sprouts 17.00  20.27 

Oat  middlings 25.00  24.31 

Rye  feed 20.00  19.62 


$251.00  $250.08 

The  calculation  based  on  these  feeds  and  their  average  com- 
position and  prices  shows  that  the  present  (Dec.  1888)  average 
retail  cost  of  a  pound  each  of  albuminoids,  fat  and  carbhydrates 
is  as  follows  : 

Cost  of  Food  Ingredients. 

Albuminoids  (N.  x  6.25) 1.6  cents. 

Fat 4.2     " 

Carbhydrates .96   " 

To  test  the  accuracy  of  these  figures  they  have  been  applied  to 
the  feeds  from  which  they  were  derived  and  the  results  are  given 
above  in  the  column  headed  "Valuation."  It  appears  that 
the  total  calculated  cost  and  the  total  actual  cost  agree  within 
one  dollar.  It  may  be  noted  in  passing  that  these  figures  differ 
radically  from  those  used  in  Germany,  which  were  derived  in  a 


similar  way  from  Gentian  market  quotations  and  which  in  absence 
of  any  other  data  have  been  previously  applied  to  American  feed- 
ing stuffs. 

To  explain  their  use  they  are  here  applied  to  the  sample  of 
Malt  Sprouts,  No.  CCCXXXII,  the  analysis  of  which  is  given 
further  on  in  this  Bulletin. 

The  sample       The  sample 
contains  in  contains  Cost  per 

100  pounds.  per  ton.  pound.  Ton  Value. 

Albuminoids 23.87  477.4     @     1.6  cents.  $7.64 

Pat 1,38  27.6     @     4.2     "  1.16 

Carbhydrates* 58.81  1176.2     @       .96"  11.29 


20.09 


Cost $15.00 

"Valuation". 20.09 


The  meaning  of  this  statement  must  be  clearly  borne  in  mind. 
It  does  not  mean  that  this  feed  is  certainly  worth  for  feeding  pur- 
poses $5.09  more  per  ton  than  it  costs.  It  does  not  mean  that 
malt  sprouts  are  certainly  worth  more  than  another  feed  which 
has  a  lower  valuation.  It  does  not  mean  that  it  is  a  palatable 
and  easily  digestible  feed.  What  this  numerical  statement  does 
mean  is  this :  that  in  malt  sprouts  of  this  quality  and  price  the 
purchaser  gets  the  food  ingredients  named,  for  less  than  their 
average  market  price  by  $5.09.  This  leaves  a  great  deal  to  be 
known  about  the  feed,  to  be  sure,  but  it  nevertheless  is  a  very 
useful  piece  of  information.  To  illustrate  :  To  know  that  potash 
in  muriate  costs  4£  cents  a  pound  while  in  sulphate  it  costs  5-J 
cents,  leaves  much  still  to  be  known  about  the  agricultural  uses 
of  these  two  salts,  and  spite  of  the  difference  in  cost  there  will  be 
much  use  wisely  made  of  the  more  costly  one,  but  a  knowledge 
of  this  difference  is  of  great  value  to  purchasers  of  potash  salts. 
Just  so  to  know  that  albuminoids,  fat  and  carbhydrates  cost 
very  much  less  in  malt  sprouts  or  cotton-seed  meal  than  in  wheat 
bran,  will  not  induce  an  intelligent  dairyman  to  give  up  bran 
and  feed  malt  sprouts  or  cotton  seed  meal  wholly  in  its  place,  but 
it  may  induce  him  to  try  substituting  one  of  these  for  a  part  of 
the  bran  or  other  feed  which  he  uses,  and  when  he  finds  a  new 
feed  offered  he  will  be  disposed  to  look  not  only  on  its  gross  cost 
but  on  the  cost  of  the  food-ingredients  in  it  as  compared  with  the 
usual  market  rates.    These  figures  are  provisional  and  will  change 

*  The  sum  of  nitrogen-free  extract  and  fiber. 


somewhat  with  the  state  of  the  market.  They  apply  only  to  one 
class  of  feeds,  namely,  dry  fine  mill-products  or  brewery  refuse 
like  malt  sprouts  and  dried  brewers'  grains.  It  would  be  desir- 
able also  to  learn  the  cost  per  pound  of  digestible  albuminoids, 
fat  and  carbhydrates.  Calculations  of  that  kind  are  now  being 
attempted,  but  to  make  them  reliable  further  data  regarding  the 
digestibility  of  feeds  will  be  necessary. 

ANALYSES   OF  FEEDING   STUFFS. 
Cotton  Seed  Bran. 

Sold  by  J.  E.  Soper  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.  Sampled  and  sent 
by  R  E.  Pinney,  Suffield.     Cost  $22  per  ton  in  100  lb.  sacks. 

Analysis. 

Water 11.99 

Ash 2.18 

Albuminoids 6.37 

Fiber 30.83 

Nitrogen-free  extract 47.33 

Fat 1.30 

100.00 

This  material  contains  less  fat  (ether  extract)  and  no  more  albu- 
minoids than  hay  of  fair  quality.  The  fiber  probably  comes 
from  cotton  seed  hulls.  The  Cotton  Seed  Bran  costs  as  much 
as  wheat  bran  and  is  far  less  valuable  as  feed. 

The  "  Valuation"  by  the  method  just  explained  is  118.13  per 
ton,  or  $4.00  less  than  the  cost.  Even  this  is  too  high  an  estimate 
because  more  than  a  third  of  the  carbhydrates  consists  of  fiber 
which  is  the  least  valuable  and  least  digestible  part  of  the  carb- 
hydrates. 

The  Columbia  Cured  Feed  for  Horses  and  Cattle. 

CCXC.  This  feed  claims  to  be  made  "  with  oats  and  corn  as  a 
basis,  reinforced  by  barley,  wheat,  rice  and  rye,  and  embodies 
putting  into  practice  a  theory  generally  held  by  thoughtful  horse 
and  dairy-men,  that  a  greater  variety  in  feed  than  is  usually 
convenient  would  be  of  advantage  to  the  animal."  "It  contains 
no  tonic  or  medicine  of  any  description  to  create  a  false  appe- 
tite." "  We  claim  it  to  be  the  strongest  and  most  nutritious 
feed  ever  offered  to  the  public." 


6 

The  analysis  of  this  article  follows.  The  composition  of  wheat 
bran  of  average  quality  is  also  given  for  comparison. 

Concentrated  Wheat 

Feed."  Bran. 

Water   11.41  12.38 

■Ash 5.54  5.59 

Albuminoids 1 5. 06  15.36 

Fiber 7.44  9.34 

Nitrogen-free  extract 54.83  53.50 

Fat 5.72  3.83 

100.00  100.00 

The  claim  that  the  feed  is  composed  of  a  variety  of  grains  is  a 
just  one.  Corn,  rice,  oats  and  barley  were  identified  with  the 
microscope.  Rye  and  wheat  may  also  have  been  present.  In 
chemical  composition  the  most  striking  difference  between  the 
"Concentrated  Feed"  and  wheat  bran  is  that  the  feed  contains 
about  two  per  cent,  more  fat  and  two  per  cent,  less  fiber.  Its 
price  is  $25.00  per  ton  and  its  "valuation"  $21.57.  Whether  a 
desirable  variety  of  food  can  more  economically  be  provided  by 
such  ready-made  mixtures  as  this  or  by  purchase  of  the  different 
grains  singly  and  home-mixture  must  be  determined  by  the 
purchaser. 

"  The  Concentrated  Feed  for  Horses,  Cattle,  Sheep,  Swine, 
Poultry,  etc." 

Manufactured  at  Pearl  Mills.  For  sale  by  the  Concentrated 
Feed  Co.,  33  Wendell  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

"  There  has  been  nothing  invented  for  years,"  says  the  manu- 
facturer's circular,  "  which  has  proved  such  a  blessing  to  all 
classes  of  domestic  animals  as  the  above  feed." 

The  directions  which  acconrpany  the  feed,  show  that  it  is 
offered  as  a  medicinal  or  condimental  food.  Thus  we  read,  "  For 
an  ordinary  working  or  driving  hoi'se  feed  one  single  handful  of 
the  feed  with  one-fourth  less  his  usual  allowance  of  grain  at  each 
feed,  wet  or  dry.  For  worms,  twice  the  quantity  for  five  days." 
For  cows,  "  feed  one  half-pint  or  single  handful  of  the  feed  with 
the  usual  amount  of  grain,  wet  or  dry.  For  Garget,  feed  twice 
the  quantity  until  it  entirely  disappears."  Still  more  startling  is 
the   announcement,    "  this   disease,"  hog  cholera,   "  in    its    most 


malignant  form  yields  readily  to  the  free  use  of  the  Concentrated 
Feed." 

Following  the  claims  of  the  seller  and  the  directions  for  use 
are  the  usual  number  of  testimonials  from  those  who  have  used 
the  feed  with  satisfaction. 

This  material,  or  a  similar  one  under  the  same  name,  has  been 
sold  more  or  less  in  the  State  since  1882,  and  in  the  report  for 
1884,  page  111,  its  merits  were  fully  discussed.  During  the 
present  year  a  sample  was  received  from  W.  H.  Hammond, 
Hampton,  Conn.,  who  says  in  regard  to  it:  "The  cost  price  is  6 
cents  per  pound  and  is  in  12  pound  bags  to  be  sold  for  81.00  or 
8  cents  per  pound."  "The  above  price"  (6  cents  per  pound), 
"  is  as  given  me  at  ton  lots,  or  3  tons  for  $300."  "  I  have  tried 
it  and  think  it  not  up  to  the  mark  as  advertised  in  their  circular." 
The  sample  sent  by  Mr.  Hammond  was  analyzed  and  reported  to 
him  and  was  also  published  in  our  weekly  statement  of  No.  41, 
of  Sept.  15.     The  analysis  is  as  follows: 

Concentrated 

Feed.  Wheat 

CCLXXXVIII.  Bran. 

Water 11.39  12.38 

Salt 13.20                  

Other  mineral  matters 14.22  5.59 

Albuminoids 14.87  15.36 

Fiber 4.48  9.34 

Nitrogen-free  extract 47.42  53.50 

Fat.. 4.42  3.83 

100.00  100.00 

This  "invention  "  which  has  proved  "a  blessing  to  all  classes 
of  domestic  animals,"  apparently  consists  of  a  mixture  of  wheat 
and  corn  with  13  per  cent,  of  salt  and  perhaps  a  little  of  some 
more  concentrated  feed.  Disregarding  the  salt,  an  equal  weight 
of  wheat  bran  would  supply  as  much  nutriment  and  would  cost 
perhaps  $20.50  per  ton.  The  "invention"  costs  $100  per  ton  in 
3  ton  lots  or  at  the  rate  of  $160  per  ton  in  small  quantities. 


The  Concentrated  Egg  Producer. 

Made  by  the  Concentrated  Feed  Co.,  No.  14  Wendell  St.,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.  A  sample  of  this  material  furnished  by  Mr.  Ham- 
mond of  Elliott,  had  the  following  composition. 


CCLXXXIX. 

Water 10.15 

Salt... 17.20 

Other  mineral  matters. 6.40 

Albuminoids    14.19 

Fiber 3.37 

Nitrogen-free  extract 44.94 

Fat 3.75 

100.00 

The  mineral  matter  contains  a  quite  insoluble  oxide  of  iron. 
The  Egg  Producer  has  a  somewhat  lower  feeding  value  probably 
than  the  Concentrated  Food  for  Cattle.  It  contains  both  corn 
and  wheat  and  some  more  concentrated  feed.  Wheat  bran  con- 
tains, pound  for  pound,  as  much  nutriment.  The  cost  of  the 
Concentrated  Egg  Producer  is  50  cents  a  pound  or  a  dozen 
pounds  for  $4.00.     This  latter  price  is  equivalent  to  $660  per  ton. 

As  food,  neither  the  Concentrated  Feed  for  Cattle  or  the  Egg 
Producer  are  worth  more  than  a  small  fraction  [about  one-fifth 
in  the  case  of  the  Feed  for  Cattle  and  one-thirtieth  in  the  case  of, 
the  Egg  Producer]  of  what  they  cost.  As  condiments  they  are 
worthless.  It  has  been  abundantly  proved  that  condimental 
foods  have  no  advantage  over  others  by  reason  of  the  condiments 
in  them. 

As  medicines,  they  may  well  be  distrusted  in  view  of  the 
absurd  claims  made  by  the  seller. 


Rye  Feed. 

CCCXX.  The  residue  from  the  manufacture  of  rye  flour.    From 
Betts  &  Ailing,  New  Haven.     Cost  $20.00  per  ton. 

Water 12.77 

Ash 2.62 

Albuminoids 13.56 

Fiber 2.75 

Nitrogen-free  extract 65.80 

Fat    2.60 

100.00 
Cost $20.00  per  ton. 

"Valuation" 19.59  per  ton. 


9 

Oat  Middlings. 

CCCXXI.  From  Betts  &  Ailing,  New  Haven,  cost  $25.00  per 
ton.  This  is  the  residue  from  mills  where  oat  meal  is  prepared. 
It  is  claimed  that  only  the  brightest  and  heaviest  oats  can  be 
used  for  the  purpose.  The  quality  of  the  middlings  of  course 
depends  both  on  the  oats  and  also  on  the  way  they  are  ground 
and  screened.  To  illustrate  this  an  analysis  is  given  below,  made 
in  1886,  of  oat  middlings  from  a  different  source. 

cccxxi.  ccxvu. 

Betts  &  Ailing.  B.  F.  Case. 

Water., 9.19                       8.19 

Ash 3.24                       4.24 

Albuminoids 20.00  12.64 

Fiber.. 3.80  12.48 

Nitrogen-free  extract 56.19  56.31 

Fat... 7.58                       6.14 

100.00  100.00 

Cost $25.00  per  ton. 

"  Valuation  " $24.29  per  ton. 

Barley  Screenings. 

Sent  by  C.  L.  Gold,  West  Cornwall.  The  two  samples  differ  in 
price  by  $2.00  per  ton,  which  represents  the  cost  of  grinding. 
CCCXXVII  is  fine  ground. 

CCCXXII.  CCCXXVII. 

Water.. 12.42  12.02 

Ash 3.60  3.51 

Albuminoids 12.12  12.50 

Fiber 7.62  7.00 

Nitrogen-free  extract 61.60  62.03 

Fat... 2.64  2.94 

100.00  100.00 

Cost  per  ton  in  car  lots $15.00  17.00 

"  Valuation  "  per  ton '    $19.39  19.72 

By  the  single  ton  the  prices  would  probably  be  from  $1.00  to 
$1.50  higher. 

Oats. 

CCCXXIV.  Mixed  Oats,  No.  2.  34  pounds  in  the  bushel. 
Cost  33  cents  per  bushel  of  32  pounds. 

CCCXXV.  White  Oats,  No.  2.  32  pounds  to  the  bushel. 
Cost  34|  cents  per  bushel. 

Both  samples  were  sent  by  C.  L.  Gold,  West  Cornwall. 


10 


CCCXXIV.  cccxxv. 

"Water 11.59  11.28 

Ash 3.15  3.59 

Albuminoids 14.25  12.43 

Fiber 7.78  9.77 

Nitrogen-free  extract 58.12  57.69 

Fat 5.11  5.24 


100.00  100.00 

Cost  per  ton  in  car  lots $20.62  21.71 

"  Valuation "  per  ton $21.50  21.34 

The  analyses  show  nothing  to  warrant  a  difference  of  $1.00 
in  the  price  of  the  two  samples.  The  White  Oats  are  brighter, 
though  not  as  heavy  as  the  Mixed  Oats.  Mixed  Oats  ground 
with  corn  make  the  meal  dark-colored  and  so  lessen  its  market-  if 
not  its  feeding-value. 

Various  Feeds0 

CCCXXVIII.  Old  Process  Linseed  Meal.  Price,  $27.00  per 
ton  in  car  lots.     Sent  by  C.  L.  Gold,  West  Cornwall. 

CCCXXXI.  "Gluten  No.  1  Feed,"  also  called  Dry  Sugar 
Feed.     Price,  $19.70  per  ton  in  Middlefield  in  car  lots. 

CCCXXXII.  Malt  Sprouts  from  a  Meriden  brewery.  Price, 
$15.00  per  ton. 

The  last  two  samples  were  sent  by  C.  E.  Lyman,  Middlefield. 

CCC  XXXVIII.  Glen  Cove  Starch  Feed.  Sold  by  Bradley  & 
Davis,  New  Haven.  Cost,  20  cents  a  bushel.  A  bushel  weighs 
about  60  pounds,  though  the  weight  varies  somewhat  in  different 
lots. 

CCCXXXIII.  Apple  Pomace  from  J.  H.  Dickerman,  Mt. 
Carmel. 

Old  Process    Gluten  No.  1  Malt  Glen  Cove  Apple 

Linseed  Meal.       Feed.  Sprouts.        Starch  Feed.        Pomace. 

CCCXXVIII.    CCCXXXI.   CCCXXXII.  CCCXXXVIII.  CCCXXXIII. 

"Water 10.27  11.66  10.10  66.53  69.90 

Ash 5.12  .56  5.84  .25  .71 

Albuminoids 36.06  17.81  23.87  6.01  1.58 

Fiber 7.36  3.08  10.76  2.00  4.86 

Nitrogen-free  extract.  34.53  59.56  48.05  22.47  21.24 

Fat 6.66  7.33  1.38  2.74  1.71 

100.00  100.00  100.00  100.00  100.00 

Costper  ton $27.00  19.70  15.00  6.66  ? 

Valuation  per  ton $25.16  23.88  20.02  8.92 


11 

In  Linseed  Meal  albuminoids,  fat  and  carbhydrates  cost  more 
than  in  any  other  concentrated  feed  which  is  in  common  use. 

Gluten  No.  1  Feed  is  made  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  is  a  waste 
product  from  the  manufacture  of  glucose.  Its  digestibility  has 
not  been  determined,  but  it  is  probably  not  greatly  inferior  to 
corn  meal  in  this  regard,  and  at  this  price  is  a  cheap  feed,  re- 
garded simply  from  the  point  of  view  of  composition  as  shown 
by  the  analysis.  By  the  single  ton  it  would  cost  from  81-00  to 
$2.00  more  than  by  car  load.  It  has  been  used  by  a  few  farmers 
in  Wallingford  and  is  thought  to  be  excellent  for  producing  milk 
and  butter. 

Starch  Feed  when  it  can  be  fed  fresh  is  popular  with  those  who 
sell  milk.  Two-thirds  of  its  weight  consists  of  water,  so  that  it 
quickly  sours  if  exposed  to  the  air  in  warm  weather. 

Apple  Pomace  is  prized  by  those  who  have  it  as  a  food  for 
cattle  and  horses.  This  sample,  which  is  free  from  straw  and 
consists  wholly  of  the  apple  "  cheese  "  from  the  cider  press,  con- 
tains about  as  much  albuminoids,  ten  per  cent,  more  carbhydrates 
and  four  times  as  much  fat  (ether  extract)  as  green  fodder  maize. 
It  has  a  faint  vinous  smell  and  contains  about  a  quarter  of  one 
per  cent,  of  free  acetic  acid.  Ensilaged  like  maize  fodder  it  would 
be  a  valuable  winter  feed. 

Buckwheat  Middlings. 

A  mill-product  obtained  in  making  buckwheat  flour.  Made  by 
the  Quinebaug  Store,  Danielsonville. 

CCCXXXVII.   Made  in  December,  1888.     CCXIII.   Made  in 

1886. 

Analyses. 

cccxxxvii.  ccxiii. 

Water 13.71  16.33 

Ash 4.35  5.50 

Albuminoids 31.25  30.31 

Fiber 5.70  4.02 

Nitrogen-free  extract 36.93  36.29 

Fat __ 8.06  7.55 

100.00  100.00 

Cost  per  ton $21.00 

Valuation  per  ton 24.95 

This  is  one  of  the  cheapest  and  richest  feeds  in  market  and  in 
the  opinion  of  some  who  are  using  it  is  unsurpassed  in  favorable 
effect  on  the  quality  and  quantity  of  the  milk-yield. 


12 

Maize  Kernel. 

Old  and  New  Crop  compared. 

CCCXLI.  No.  2  New  York  Corn.  Old  Crop.  Sold  by  Brad- 
ley &  Davis,  New  Haven.     Cost,  56  cents  per  bushel. 

CCCXXVI.  No.  2  High  Mixed  Corn.  Old  Crop.  Sent  by 
C.  L.  Gold,  West  Cornwall.  Cost,  56  cents  per  bushel.  A  struck 
bushel  weighs  58  pounds. 

CCCXXIX.  No.  2  High  Mixed  Corn.  New  Crop.  Sent  by 
C.  L.  Gold.  Cost,  46  cents  per  bushel.  A  struck  bushel  weighs 
50  pounds. 

CCCXXXIX.  Good  Western  Corn.  New  Crop.  Sent  by 
C.  E.  Lyman,  Middlefield.     Cost,  46  cents  per  bushel  in  car  lots. 

CCCXL.  Mason  Co.  Yellow  Corn  of  best  quality.  New  Crop. 
Sold  by  Bradley  &  Davis,  New  Haven.    Cost,  53  cents  per  bushel. 

Analyses  and  Valuations. 
cccxli.     cccxxvi.     cccxxix.  cccxxxix.     cccxl. 

No.  2.         High  Mixed.     High  Mixed.   West'n  Corn.   Best  Yellow. 
Old  Crop.        Old  Crop.         New  Crop.       New  Crop.       New  Crop. 

Water.. 14.64  13.09  20.00  19.73  20.30 

Ash 1.12  1.20  1.25  1.06  1,10 

Albuminoids 9.30  9.40  8.06  8.68  8.40 

Fiber 1.42  1.53  1.54  1.61  1.38 

Nitrogen-free  extract.  69.57  70.67  65.38  64.87  65.20 

Pat 3.95  411  3.77  4.05  3.62 

100.00  100.00  100.00  100.00  100.00 

Cost  per  ton $20.00  20.00  16.42*  16.42*  18.92 

Valuation  per  ton $19.93  20.32  18.60  18.93  18.51 

*  In  car  lots.     Probably  about  $17.80  to  $18.00  by  the  ton. 

The  new  crop  corn  contains  over  six  per  cent,  more  of  water 
than  old  crop  corn,  and  correspondingly  less  of  food-ingredients. 
This  additional  water  makes  the  corn,  and  especially  the  meal 
ground  from  it,  more  liable  to  spoil  by  heating.  It  also  makes 
the  kernels  plumper  and  considerably  lighter,  bulk  for  bulk,  than 
old  corn.  Repeated  trials  have  shown  that  old  corn  of  the  best 
quality  weighs  from  58  to  59  pounds  per  struck  bushel,  while  a 
bushel  of  the  best  new  corn  weighs  only  50  to  52  pounds. 

The  valuation  of  the  new  corn  is  about  $1.45  per  ton  less  than 
that  of  old  corn,  which  represents  a  difference  of  4  cents  per 
bushel;  and  this  seems  to  be  about  the  difference  made  in  dealers' 
quotations. 


I:: 


THE    AVERAGE   COMPOSITION    OF    FEEDS    FOB 
DAIRY    STOCK. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  composition  of  all  the 
commonly  used  feeds;  also  the  pounds  of  digestible  food-ingredi- 
ents in  a  ton  of  each,  and  the  quantities  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric 
acid  and  potash  per  ton. 

The  different  kinds  of  hay,  in  absence  of  direct  experiments, 
have  been  assumed  to  have  the  same  digestibility  as  meadow  hay 
of  medium  quality.  Hominy  chops  and  starch  feed  are  assumed 
to  be  as  digestible  as  maize  kernel,  gluten  meal  to  be  as  digesti- 
ble as  linseed  meal.  The  same  digestibility  is  assumed  for  all 
wheat  feeds  and  also  for  rye  bran.  Oat  feed  is  reckoned  as  diges- 
tible as  oats,  and  fresh  maize  fodder  as  digestible  as  maize  stover. 
These  assumptions  are  more  or  less  arbitrary,  but  are  the  best 
that  can  be  done  in  absence  of  direct  feeding  experiments  with 
the  feeding  stuffs  named.  The  last  three  columns  of  the  table 
give  in  pounds  the  quantities  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid  and 
potash  contained  in  one  ton  of  each  feed.  These  fertilizing  in- 
gredients can  be  almost  wholly  recovered  in  the  solid  and  liquid 
excreta  of  dairy  stock  except  what  little  goes  into  the  calf  dropped 
yearly  and  what  is  carried  off  in  the  milk.  1000  gallons  of  milk 
contain  about  46  pounds  of  nitrogen,  17  pounds  of  phosphoric 
acid  and  14  pounds  of  potash. 


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